Chasse, culte ou artisanat? Keywords : reindeerwolfelkhunting and trappinghunting pitspitfalls. Schlüsselwörter : RentierWolfElchJagden und FallenstellenFallgrubenFallensysteme. Hunting and trapping are an important part of this tradition. Throughout history, many types of small game have been hunted, as have deer species — elk, red deer, roe deer and reindeer. Predators such as wolves, wolverines, lynxes and bears have been hunted to reduce the population and to improve conditions for animal husbandry. The hunting and trapping methods were numerous: snares, traps, hunting pits, funnel-shaped traps, pens, trip-wire devices and various hand weapons. This article will focus on the permanent trapping systems of which archaeological traces can be found — not least hunting pits. The relationship between people and reindeer is probably the most geographically widespread and long-lasting connection between people and a species of animal in the world. The wild reindeer were also the most important factor when the first people migrated into the area that is now Norway. Reindeer hunting is still an important part of the local identity in several areas. This presentation will therefore emphasise the different types of trapping systems used in relation to wild reindeer. At the end of the article, a few systems where hunting pits were used to hunt elk and wolves will also be described. There are several reasons for limiting the description to these areas. The area has been very well documented, so we know a lot about it. On the other hand, the varied topography has resulted in great variety in the types and designs of trapping systems. Finally, this is the last place in Europe that are fort and peat dating in real life has a viable, genetically pure population of wild reindeer. Map showing are fort and peat dating in real life focus area for this article: the national parks of Dovrefjell-Sunndalsfjella, Dovre, Rondane, Reinheimen and surrounding areas. However, the history goes back even further. When modern human beings arrived in Europe and Asia, the Neanderthals Homo sapiens neanderthalensis were already here and had been hunting reindeer for several hundred thousand years Terberger, 23ff. It is assumed that hunting reindeer crossing rivers or stretches of water was widespread, and that the introduction of bows and arrows made it easier to hunt reindeer on land as well. No traces of reindeer trapping systems have been preserved on the European continent. Wild reindeer products became part of established trading patterns under control of the crown, established trading houses, the church etc. In Norway, this happened during the period AD Mikkelsen, among otherswhile a similar development took place on Greenland in the 17th and 18th centuries AD Odgaard, However, after a relatively short period of time, the market economy adaptation seems to have been died out and hunting and trapping again reverted to being a supplementary source of food or a secondary source of income. Ethnographic sources describe the use of hunting pits on all continents: for wild boar in the Orient, water rats in Australia, peccaries and jaguars in South America, elephants and giraffes in Africa and both elk and lions in Europe. The pits differed in shape and were made from different materials: dug out of loose earth or similar, built from stone — or made from snow. The challenge in most locations is that little research has been done to clarify their geographical distribution and time-span for references, see Olsenin press. Instead, outlying land has been a resource that can be utilised more or less freely by everyone. The only exception is gyrfalcon hunting for sale on the Continent or Middle East — but that is a story that falls outside of the scope of this article. The law states that everyone could hunt without the use of fixed facilities using bows and arrows, spears, etc. As regards hunting pits, it is stated that anybody could add to a row of pits lengthwise, but that no pits could be placed in front of or behind each other within the distance that the blow of an axe could be heard. It is also stated that title to a trapping system could be retained for up to ten winters since it was last used. If a trapping system had been unused for ten years, anyone could repair it and claim title to it themselves. Several court cases from the Middle Ages show that these laws were enforced. The boy chose the hunting pits. Although the truth of this story has never been verified, the fact that the story arose at all and has been kept alive in the oral tradition for centuries tells us something about the importance of hunting. The State owns a lot of the outlying land in the area dealt with in this article. Local inhabitants have priority as regards hunting and the price of hunting permits is low. Hunting is an important part of the efforts to manage and regulate the wild reindeer population and many still see hunting as a way of supplementing their food supply, as well as being an important contribution to keeping a tradition alive. Domesticated reindeer have also been kept in several of the areas where wild reindeer exist today, which has resulted in the wild reindeer found there today being a genetic mix of different sub-species of reindeer. This adaptation is the result of the marginal and unstable resource situation in the mountains.
J Sediment Petrol — It is also stated that title to a trapping system could be retained for up to ten winters since it was last used. Benedict JB The origin of rock glaciers. Elk 44 The pits for trapping elk vary in design. In: World glacier inventory: workshop at Riederalp Blumstengel W, Harris SA Observations on an active lobate rock glacier, Slims River Valley, St.
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This article will focus on the permanent trapping systems of which archaeological traces can be found – not least hunting pits. As in the case of portal tombs, no wedge tomb in County Donegal has been excavated, and reports of finds from these tombs are few. clearing of forest in Uganda for agricultural purposes, dating back to about 1, years B.C., for Rock Paintings, Patiko Fort, Munsa Archaeological site. They went INNNN with that kiss. Even though it was a dream sequence, it was real in real life. There is a claim dating to. Massimo and Nacho kissing was ♀️ ♀️ .This means that the pits would not have to be checked daily. Geol Soc Am Spec Pap In this context, however, we will focus on the permanent trapping systems of which archaeological traces can be found today. Presse Univ Nancy, pp. Mikkelsen E. Mercanton PL Le cryocinemetre de la Commission Helvetique des glaciers. In: Macar P ed New contributions to slope evolution. US Geol Surv Prof Pap B:BB Haeberli W, Huder J, Keusen HR, Pika J, Röthlisberger H Core drilling through rock glacier permafrost. Antarct J US — Barsch D, Zick W Die Bewegungen des Blockgletschers Macun I von — Unterengadin, Graubünden, Schweiz. Hunting pits for elk and wolves 43 Although reindeer have been in a unique position historically as regards trapping, much of the fauna has been harvested at one time or another. Gorbunov AP The alpine permafrost zone of the USSR. The meat was probably used by their households, while hides and antlers were sold. Ber Schweiz Bot Ges — Lütschg O Beitrag zur Kenntnis des Wärmehaushaltes der obersten Bodenschichten der Schweizer Alpen. Dans tout OpenEdition. Qui furent les chasseurs et trappeurs? Bull Assoc Engin Geol — Dawson AG, Matthews JA, Shakesbury RA A catastrophic landslide in Ver- kilsdalen, Rondane National Park, southern Norway. Kerschner H Outlines of the climate during the Egesen advance Younger Dryas, In: Evenson EB, Schlüchter CH, Rabassa J eds Tills and related deposits. Z Gletscherkd Gla- zialgeol — If the hunting pits had to be placed in sloping terrain or be built above ground, steps or bridges were built to make it easier for the reindeer to get to them photo John Olsen. Hunting pits for elk and wolves Conclusion Bibliographie Annexe Auteur.
